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You may also click on the card displayed in any of the three boxes to bring that card back to the center. Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page. The shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language, or an environmental climate.

Functional Region nodal Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward; is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional assoc.

Vernactual Region perceptual place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity. Such regions emerge from peoples informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought. Culture Complex a combination of related cultural traits e.

Modern Culture Hearths Europe, North America, Japan origin and focus of the Industrial Revolution beginning in the early s after the onset of the Second Agricultural Revolution. A near equal exchange of culture traits or customs Assimilation: GPS Global Positioning System satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places.

Remote Sensing method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments e. TODALSIG Title, Orientation, Date, Author, Legend, Scale, Index, Grid acronym for assessing the validity and reliability of any map Proportional Symbol type of thematic map in which the areas of symbols are varied in proportion to the value of an attribute e.

This is what most people think of as density; how many people per area of land. Physiological Density -The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

This is important because it relates to how much land is being used by how many people. Agricultural Density -the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland. Major Population Concentrations East Asia, South Asia, Europe, North America Linear Growth arithmetic growth; increases at a constant amount per unit time 1, 2, 3, 4, … Exponential Growth geometric growth; doubles each population 2, 4, 8, 16, … Baby Boom people born in the US between and ; this post-war era allowed for better education, employment, peace and prosperity - increasing higher rates of both marriage and fertility.

Baby Bust period in the US during the s and s when fertility rates dropped as many female baby boomers sought higher levels of education and jobs, marrying later in life. Generation X people born in the US between and ; will have the burden of supporting the Baby Boom cohort as they head into retirement.

Generaton Y people born between and ; also referred to as "Echo Boomers" many are the offspring of Baby Boomers. Child Mortality Rate annual number of deaths of children under the age of 5, compared with total live births also calculated as number of deaths per 1, births.

Maternal Mortaliy Rate annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1, women. Epidemiological Transition denotes a human phase of develop.

Stationary Population Level when the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero. Takes into count 2 factors that Malthus did not: Cultural Identity -Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect.

Cultural Linkage -migrants who have moved away but renew or maintain their connections with their homeland facilitated by modern technology — newspapers, newsletters, blogs,…. Cultural Revival process that works against globalization, revitalizing cultural ties and promoting distinction. Language Family -group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin e.

Language Convergence -collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages Language Replacement Extinction -obliteration of an entire culture through war, disease, assimilation, or any combination of the three Deep-Reconstruction -technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded it.

Proto-Indo-European -hypothesized ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages. Nostratic -hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families. Its hearth is around modern day Ukraine Agriculture Theory theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the innovation of agriculture being more efficient than hunting and gathering.

Its hearth is around modern day Anatolia Modern Linguistic Mosaic literacy, technology, political organization: Esperanto a constructed international language developed in the late s and promoted after World War I to be a universal second language lingua franca to foster peace.

Although thousands still speak this language, it is not widespread Pidgin -when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary. Secularism This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs.

This is important to HG because this has caused conflicts in a lot of different places including politics. Interfaith Boundaries -the boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism.

Intrafaith Boundaries -describes the boundaries within a major religion e.

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Local Culture -refers to people who see themselves as part of a community who work to preserve their traits and customs to be unique and distinguish themselves from others. Jihadists -jihad means "struggle" and is a religious duty of Muslims; some can take their "jihad" to an extreme and violent level often against a perceived threat to their way of life or culture e. Affinity Segregation -process by which people group and live with people more like themselves in terms of culture, ethnicity, or race; this is done by choice, free of outside intervention.

Gendered Space -areas or regions designed for men or women European Model -: This model was spread globally due to the Age of Exploration and Colonization. Theocracy -a state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders e. US and Japan also engaged.

local exchange trading system ap human geography

Mujajaideen -A person involved in jihad World-Systems Theory - Immanuel Wallerstein's core-periphery model three-tier structured theory core, semi-periphery, periphery proposing that social change in the developing world is linked to the economic activities of the developed world. Multicore State -a state that has more than one dominant region in terms of economics or politics e. Protruded Prorupt - Bifurcated - Watershed Boundary area of land where all of the water that is under it drains off of it goes to same place; that boundary is determined by ridges think of a watershed as a large bathtub; when a waterdrop hits in that bathtub it eventually finds the drain Geopolitics Organic Theory Friedrich Ratzel analyzes geo.

States viewed as living organisms that consume other land to survive.

Had a - rep. Heartland Theory - Mackinder early 20th c. It suggested that not the UK an ocean-based empire , but Russia communist would be able to achieve dominance. Rimland Theory - Nicholas Spykman mid 20th c. Forward Capital a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons; sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state e. Considered the most geographically expressive of all states.

Below the State Boundary -internal divisions within a state e. Some examples … Balkanization -The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries.

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching nautical miles from the coast. The country that controls the EEZ has rights to the fishing, whaling; as well as the raw material resources.

Median-Line Theory -in situations where there is less than nautical miles Domino Theory if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow; resulting policy of the Truman Doctrine that promoted containment of communism; used by successive US admin. New World Order -commonly refers to the post-Cold War era vision in which world affairs would not be dominated by the competition between the two nuclear superpowers; a positive and hopeful vision for the future.

Monoculture -producing or growing one crop over a wide area Polyculture -using multiple crops in the same space, and avoiding large stands of single crops; helps prevent monocultures' susceptibility to disease. Can cause agricultural exhaustion if not done efficiently, making people move away from the land. Quinary -require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill e.

Metallurgy -technique or science of working or heating metals so as to give them certain desired shapes or properties. Predates plant and animal domestication e. Funtional Differentation -as civilizations developed and societies became more complex, so did the function and complexity of the homes and buildings e. Extensive Subsistence Agriculture -characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture -a form of subsistence agr.

Von Thunen Model -When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares; cost of the land vs. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance to market is ctical; disregards site or human factors.

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Luxury Crops -specialized crops typically not essential to human survival; historically grown on plantations by European colonial powers e. Biotechnology -using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops. Commodity Chains - e. Hibridiztion -the cross breeding of plants of different varieties in order to produce a new plant with desirable traits from both parent varieties; the Green Revolution has popularized its use see tudy guide Food Irradation s provides the same benefits as when food is processed by heat, refrigeration, or treated with chemicals to destroy insects or bacteria, that cause food to spoil or cause human disease; makes it possible to keep food longer Unchanged-Tradional Dwelling -layout, construction, and appearance have not been significantly altered by external influences.

Modified-Traditional Dwelling -new building materials used, but no change to the original structure or layout. Modernized-Traditional Dwelling -materials and layout have been changed e. Mid-Atlantic Housing -style originated as a one-room log cabin with a chimney at one end diffusing into Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi.

local exchange trading system ap human geography

Southern Tidewater South Housing -style was originally smaller, only one story, and a porch that diffused southward into Georgia. They were often built on a raised platform to reduce heat. Patterns of Rural Settle -particular to the region in which they originated, or diffused to other parts of the world through diffusion and colonization. Cadastral System survey system that determines the value, extent, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation.

Rectangular Public Land Survey -US system set up to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains e. Long Lots -houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access. Metes and Bounds -uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. See study guide Township-and-Range -U. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks township , which is then divided into one-mile square blocks range.

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Debt-for-Nature Swap -when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.

Egalitarian Societty -civilization in which all people are equal; typical of most hunter-gatherer societies. Stratified Society civilization in which people exist in different classes; the development of farming and early cities began this process Theocratic Center -focus of religious activity or importance.

Medieval Optimum -Medieval Warm Period: The effect may largely have been focused in the Northern Atlantic. Urban-Industrial -predominate in the modernized nations of Western Europe, America, Japan and to a lesser extent where their cultures here productivity through machines, and energy sources from fossil fuels and atomic power phenomenally expand economic productivity.

Urban Banana - crescent-shaped zone: Medieval City -European-style city with high density of development, narrow buildings, and an ornate church at the city center, with high walls for defense walls proved futile when gunpowder made its way into Europe by the s. Lisbon, Amsterdam, London, ….

Nonbasic Sector -work responsible for the functioning of the city itself e. Economic Base basic vs. Multiplier Effect - 1: Modern City Models foreign most residences tend to decrease in quality and value as the distance from the CBD increases: Southeast Asian City consist of sectors and zones radiating from the port zone; influenced by colonialism and are often still focused on exporting goods Sub-Saharan African City -consist of sectors and zones, but possess a great deal of centrality around the CBD may contain multiple CBDs ; typically have strong ethnic neighborhoods and squatter settlements on the outskirts.

Eruropean City -older ones were mostly developed during the Medieval period; display less sprawl than US cities, in part since gasoline my cost up to times more than in the US; also, some cities have greenbelts see guide which confine urban sprawl. East European City -typically less affluent than Western European cities due to the communist urban planning by the USSR during the Cold War; most residential spaces were organized into microdistricts designed to minimize cost by reducing roads and maximizing living space Islamic City -found in the Muslim regions; owe their structure to their religious beliefs; contain mosques, open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by walls, limiting foot traffic in residential neighborhoods.

Concerns of Urbanization -1 Sprawl2 Loss of soil3 Land use 4 Pollution5 Waste6 Consumption habits Industrial Revolution -term for the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing resulting from technological innovation and specialization in the late 18th c. Secondary industries are less dependent on resource location; they deal with more variable costs such as energy, transportation, and labor Ullman's Conceptual Frame - Complementary, intervening opportunity, transferability Edward Ullman proposed that trade was an interaction based on three phenomena: Transferability -the ease or difficulty in which a good may be transported from one area to another.

Weber's Least Cost Theory -Alfred Weber described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration. Substitution Principle -losses in one area may be offset by savings in another e. First-Round Industrialization -SEE STUDY GUIDE Midth Century Industrialization -SEE STUDY GUIDE Late 20th Century Industrialization and Beyond -SEE STUDY GUIDE NIMBYism -SEE STUDY GUIDE Lean Production -SEE STUDY GUIDE Outsourcing - turning over production in part or in total to another firm or business outside of the country offshoring - specifically refers to moving production overseas e.

PQL Physical Quality of Life Index - based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age one. Economic Backwaters -regions that fail to gain from national economic development.

Foreign Direct Investment -investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs. However, all countries are not recipients of this investment.

Brazil, China and Mexico were the LDCs that received most of the investment. Venture Capital -investments typically made in the early stages of developing companies in the hope of generating a favorable return through the growth or sale of the companies; generally made as cash in exchange for shares in the invested company. OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development -see guide NGO Non-Governmental Organization -see guide Special Economic Zone SEZ -specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign and domestic businesses and investment.

Export Processing Zone EPZ -established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract business and investment labor is cheaper and environmental restrictions are relatively weak.

Commodification -process through which something is given monetary value e. Vetical Integration -ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain e. Horizontal Integration -ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain e.

Gatekeepers -people or companies who control access to information e. Market Economy -capitalist economy based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free enterprise system set by supply and demand. Mixed Economy -economic system that incorporates a mixture of private and government ownership or control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism.

Planned Economy -see guide Informal Economy -Informal economy: Area organized around a node or focal point. Europe, North America, Japan origin and focus of the Industrial Revolution beginning in the early s after the onset of the Second Agricultural Revolution. Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.

Title, Orientation, Date, Author, Legend, Scale, Index, Grid acronym for assessing the validity and reliability of any map. The total number of people divided by the total land area. May mean a country has inefficient agriculture. Ravenstein Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Its hearth is around modern day Ukraine. Its hearth is around modern day Anatolia. Although thousands still speak this language, it is not widespread. This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs. Friedrich Ratzel analyzes geo.

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The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food. Secondary industries are less dependent on resource location; they deal with more variable costs such as energy, transportation, and labor. Walter Rostow's Modernization Model s stated countries.

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